HKU professor apologizes after PhD student’s AI-assisted paper cites fabricated sources.
Updated
January 8, 2026 6:33 PM
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The University of Hong Kong in Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong Island. PHOTO: ADOBE STOCK
It’s no surprise that artificial intelligence, while remarkably capable, can also go astray—spinning convincing but entirely fabricated narratives. From politics to academia, AI’s “hallucinations” have repeatedly shown how powerful technology can go off-script when left unchecked.
Take Grok-2, for instance. In July 2024, the chatbot misled users about ballot deadlines in several U.S. states, just days after President Joe Biden dropped his re-election bid against former President Donald Trump. A year earlier, a U.S. lawyer found himself in court for relying on ChatGPT to draft a legal brief—only to discover that the AI tool had invented entire cases, citations and judicial opinions. And now, the academic world has its own cautionary tale.
Recently, a journal paper from the Department of Social Work and Social Administration at the University of Hong Kong was found to contain fabricated citations—sources apparently created by AI. The paper, titled “Forty Years of Fertility Transition in Hong Kong,” analyzed the decline in Hong Kong’s fertility rate over the past four decades. Authored by doctoral student Yiming Bai, along with Yip Siu-fai, Vice Dean of the Faculty of Social Sciences and other university officials, the study identified falling marriage rates as a key driver behind the city’s shrinking birth rate. The authors recommended structural reforms to make Hong Kong’s social and work environment more family-friendly.
But the credibility of the paper came into question when inconsistencies surfaced among its references. Out of 61 cited works, some included DOI (Digital Object Identifier) links that led to dead ends, displaying “DOI Not Found.” Others claimed to originate from academic journals, yet searches yielded no such publications.
Speaking to HK01, Yip acknowledged that his student had used AI tools to organize the citations but failed to verify the accuracy of the generated references. “As the corresponding author, I bear responsibility”, Yip said, apologizing for the damage caused to the University of Hong Kong and the journal’s reputation. He clarified that the paper itself had undergone two rounds of verification and that its content was not fabricated—only the citations had been mishandled.
Yip has since contacted the journal’s editor, who accepted his explanation and agreed to re-upload a corrected version in the coming days. A formal notice addressing the issue will also be released. Yip said he would personally review each citation “piece by piece” to ensure no errors remain.
As for the student involved, Yip described her as a diligent and high-performing researcher who made an honest mistake in her first attempt at using AI for academic assistance. Rather than penalize her, Yip chose a more constructive approach, urging her to take a course on how to use AI tools responsibly in academic research.
Ultimately, in an age where generative AI can produce everything from essays to legal arguments, there are two lessons to take away from this episode. First, AI is a powerful assistant, but only that. The final judgment must always rest with us. No matter how seamless the output seems, cross-checking and verifying information remain essential. Second, as AI becomes integral to academic and professional life, institutions must equip students and employees with the skills to use it responsibly. Training and mentorship are no longer optional; they’re the foundation for using AI to enhance, not undermine, human work.
Because in this age of intelligent machines, staying relevant isn’t about replacing human judgment with AI, it’s about learning how to work alongside it.
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Sonilo and Shutterstock are betting that licensed training data could define the future of AI music.
Updated
May 13, 2026 3:39 PM

A human operating a digital turntable. PHOTO: UNSPLASH
As copyright disputes continue to grow around AI-generated music, Sonilo, the world’s first professionally licensed video-to-music AI platform, has partnered with Shutterstock to train its models on licensed music catalogs.
The agreement gives Sonilo access to Shutterstock’s music library for AI model training. According to the companies, it is Shutterstock’s first partnership with a video-to-music AI platform and the timing is significant. AI music companies are facing growing pressure over how their systems are trained. Artists and record labels have increasingly challenged the use of copyrighted music in AI datasets, especially when licensing agreements or compensation structures are unclear.
That tension has created a divide across the industry. Some companies have continued building models around scraped or disputed data. Others are trying to position licensing as part of the product itself.
Sonilo falls into the second group. The company says its models are trained only on licensed material where artists and rights holders have agreed to participate and receive compensation. The Shutterstock partnership strengthens that position while giving Sonilo access to a larger pool of commercially cleared music.
The collaboration also points to a broader change happening inside generative AI. As AI tools move into commercial production, companies are being pushed to show not just what their models can generate, but also where their training data comes from.
Sonilo’s platform is built around video rather than text prompts. The system analyses footage directly, studies pacing and emotional tone, then generates an original soundtrack to match the content. The company says this removes the need for manual music searches, syncing or editing workflows. The generated tracks are cleared for commercial use across social media, branded content and broadcast production.
Shawn Song, CEO of Sonilo, said: "Music has always been the last unsolved layer of video creation, and video has always carried its own soundtrack. We built Sonilo to hear it and compose from it, without a single text prompt. But how we build matters as much as what we build. While others have chosen to take artists' work without permission and charge creators for the privilege, we've chosen a different path—one where artists are compensated from day one. Partnering with Shutterstock reflects that standard. Every model we train meets a bar the music industry can stand behind, because the most innovative AI platforms don't have to come at the expense of the artists who make all of these possible."
For Shutterstock, the deal expands the company’s growing role in generative AI infrastructure. The company has increasingly focused on licensing content for AI systems across images, video and music.
Jessica April, Vice President of Data Licensing & AI Services at Shutterstock, said: "AI innovation depends on access to high-quality, rights-cleared content and trusted licensing partnerships. Sonilo's approach reflects the growing demand for responsibly sourced training data and commercially safe AI workflows. We're pleased to support companies building generative AI products with licensed content and scalable data solutions that help accelerate innovation while respecting creators and rights holders."
The partnership also comes as Sonilo expands into creator and developer ecosystems. Earlier this month, the company launched as a native node inside ComfyUI, an open-source AI workflow platform used by millions of creators. Sonilo also offers API access for integration into creator tools, video platforms, game engines and other AI systems.
As AI-generated music becomes more common across advertising, creator platforms and digital media, the industry’s focus is shifting beyond generation alone. Questions around licensing, ownership and compensation are increasingly shaping how AI music companies position themselves and build trust with creators.